Practical Fluid Therapy in Large and Small Ruminants: Part 2
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              p.1 p.1 Practical Fluid Therapy in Large and 
 Small Ruminants: Part 1Christine B. Navarre, DVM, MS, DACVIM 
 Extension Veterinarian Louisiana State University Agricultural Center
 Baton Rouge, LA 70803
 cnavarre@agcenter.lsu.edup.1
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              p.2 p.2 Fluid Therapy for Cows, Small Ruminants 
 - Objectives
 - Correct dehydration
 - Correct acid/base abnormalities
 - Correct electrolyte abnormalities
 - Provide for maintenance and ongoing losses
 - Nutritional supportp.2
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              p.3 p.3 Dehydration Deficit and Maintenance Rates 
 - Dehydration deficit
 - BW(kg) x %dehydration = deficit in liters (careful with calves, small ruminants)
 - ex. 40 kg goat 8% dehydrated needs
 - 40 x .08 = 3.2 L
 - ex. 500 kg cow 8% dehydrated needs
 - 500 x .08 = 40 L
 - Maintenance
 - 1 ml/lb/hr
 - Increases with excess losses like diarrhea
 - Lactation?p.3
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              p.4 p.4 Bicarbonate Deficit 
 - Adult
 - BW(kg) x base deficit x .3 = mEq bicarbonate
 - Neonate
 - BW(kg) x base deficit x 0.6 = mEq bicarbonate
 - Some recommend using 0.7 as ECF space
 - Can substitute (normal bicarbonate - measured bicarbonate) for BD
 - mEq bicarb/12 = grams bicarbonatep.4
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              p.5 p.5 Catheters 
 - Adult cattle
 - 14 G 5 inch jugular
 - 14 G 2 inch ear (Angiocath)
 - Always make stab incision with blade for jugular cathetersp.5
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              p.6 p.6 Ear Vein Catheters p.6
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              p.7 p.7 Ear Vein Catheter p.7
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              p.8 p.8 IMAGE p.8
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              p.9 p.9 IMAGE p.9
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              p.10 p.10 Fluid therapy for Adult Cattle 
 - Oral vs IV
 - Disease
 - Cost
 - Facilities
 - Temperament of patientp.10
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              p.11 p.11 Restraint p.11
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              p.12 p.12 Fluid Therapy for Adult Cattle 
 - Combination therapy:
 - IV + oral
 - Hypertonic saline + oral
 - Acid/base status
 - Most sick cows have metabolic alkalosis
 - Except grain overload, choke, severe diarrhea, fatty liver disease/ketosis, severe shock
 - Hypochloremia, hypokalemia, hypocalcemiap.12
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              p.13 p.13 Fluid Therapy for Adult Cattle 
 - Fluids for metabolic alkalosis:
 - Give electrolytes and correct fluid deficit
 - Allows kidneys to correct
 - Ringer’s my favorite oral and IVp.13
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              p.14 p.14 Fluid Therapy for Adult Cattle 
 - If < 8 % dehydrated, mild depression, still walking
 - Correct deficit with oral fluids unless rumen disease or GI obstruction
 - Can add 30-60 grams of KCL and a tube of calcium gelp.14
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              p.15 p.15 Fluid Therapy for Adult Cattle 
 - If > 8% dehydrated, depressed, recumbent
 - IV isotonic fluids with 20 mEq KCl/L and calcium solution at 25-50 ml/L
 - OR
 - 4 ml/kg hypertonic saline solution (~ 2 L per adult cow) administer as fast as possible through 14 G catheter
 - Follow with oral fluids (will usually drink following HSS) if no GI disease or IV if GI diseasep.15
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              p.16 p.16 Fluid Therapy for Adult Cattle 
 - If grain overload:
 - Calculate bicarbonate deficit if blood work available or use BD of 10 and administer IV
 - Follow up with IV fluids (do not give large amounts of oral fluids, already have rumen distension)
 - Can give some bicarbonate orally but probably no use if severe (need rumenotomy)
 - DO NOT USE hypertonic saline solution (may be already hyperosmolar)p.16
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              p.17 p.17 TPN/PPN 
 - PPN in adult cows
 - Usually lipid breakdown so don’t need more fat in system
 - Chronic ketosis, fatty liver
 - 5L Normosol/Ringer’s + 500 ml 50% Dextrose + 1 Liter Aminosyn + K and Ca as needed + 20 ml B vitamins at rate of 5% body weight per dayp.17
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              p.18 p.18 Catheters Small Ruminants 
 - Adult sheep/goats/llamas/alpacas and crias: 16 G 3.25 in jugular
 - Kids/lambs: 18G 2 in jugular
 - Always make stab incision completely through skin with #15 blade, will save time and catheters
 - Glue and tape in place
 - J-loop in crias
 - Intraosseous in neontatesp.18
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              p.19 p.19 Oral Fluids 
 - Stallion catheter
 - Avoid gatorade, sugar water, etc.
 - Use calf electrolytes if possible
 - Mix calf electrolytes according to label directions
 - Do not add to milk
 - Refrigerate and discard after 24 hoursp.19
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              p.20 p.20 IMAGE p.20
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              p.21 p.21 IMAGE p.21
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              p.22 p.22 IMAGE p.22
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              p.23 p.23 Fluid Therapy Sheep and Goats 
 - Treat like cows only BE CAREFUL of fluid amounts, do not overload, esp. in kids and lambsp.23
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              p.24 p.24 Llamas/Alpacas 
 - Unpredictable electrolyte and acid/base status so always try to run bloodwork, esp. in crias
 - Adults get fatty liver commonly when off feed so consider PPN if anorexic for more than a few days
 - Camelids get hypoproteinemic easily
 - Careful with fluid amounts and rates
 - Monitor PCV/TP
 - Bolus fluids
 - Due to stoic nature, camelids can hide serious illness until very late
 - Be aggressive in treatmentp.24
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              p.25 p.25 IV Fluids for Crias 
 - Crias can be hyperglycemic, hyperosmolar, and hypernatremic
 - Hypernatremic due to hyperglycemic diuresis
 - Correct with balanced isotonic solutionp.25
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              p.26 p.26 Alternative Fluids 
 - Hypertonic saline/dextran + oral fluids
 - O.K for lambs and kids
 - Variability of sodium in crias makes this less than ideal as compared to calvesp.26
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              p.27 p.27 Fatty Liver/Pregnancy Toxemia Small Ruminants and Camelids 
 - Oral high energy calf electrolytes if caught early
 - Once hypoglycemic need IV dextrose
 - Consider partial parenteral nutrition (no lipids) in stressed camelids
 - Sheep and goats may be acidotic and/or hypocalcemic alsop.27
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              p.28 p.28 Dr. Cebra’s Alternative 
 - 5L normosol + 500 ml 50% Dextrose + 1 Liter Aminosyn + K and Ca as needed + 20 ml B vitamins at rate of 5% body weight per day at steady drip (don’t bolus)p.28
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              p.29 p.29 Tips 
 - If on continuous fluids consider bolusing q 3 hours
 - Allows better control of rate in animals with long necks and thick skin that cause kinking of catheters.
 - Can instruct clients to administer this way
 - NOT appropriate if glucose content is > 2% or for PPN/TPNp.29
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              p.30 p.30 Tips 
 - 1 level teaspoon is approximately 5 grams of most salts
 - NaHCO3
 - 1 gm = 12 mEq so 240 mEq = 20 grams or ~ 4 tsp.
 - Isotonic saline
 - 9gms/L non-iodized table salt,
 - ~ 2 tsp NaCl/L water is isotonic saline
 - Supplement potassium
 - 10-20mEq/L or 1gm/L(14mEq/L)
 - ~ half a tsp. lite salt/L water (lite salt is half sodium chloride and half potassium chloride)p.30
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              p.31 p.31 LSU Ag Center 
 Research. Extension · Teachingp.31
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     00:33:16 00:33:16Practical Fluid Therapy in Large and Small Ruminants: Part 1Christine B. Navarre, DVM, MS, DACVIMVetScope
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     00:22:52 00:22:52Herd and Flock Health Programs: Part 3Christine B. Navarre, DVM, MS, DACVIMVetScope
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     00:18:50 00:18:50Herd and Flock Health Programs: Part 2Christine B. Navarre, DVM, MS, DACVIMVetScope
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     00:22:28 00:22:28Maximizing Calf Health: Part 2Christine B. Navarre, DVM, MS, DACVIMVetScope