Prevention  Brucella abortus strain 19 (cotton strain) vaccine o This vaccine is most widely used in the prevention of brucellosis. It is a reference live vaccine normally given to female calves of 3-6 months in subcutaneous route with dose rate of 5-8x1010 viable organisms where as in adult cattle 3x108 organism is given s/c route but some animals develop persistent antibody titers and may abort and excrete the vaccine strain in milk.  Brucella abortus strain RB51 vaccine o It is an official vaccine being used since 1996. This strain was produced from a laboratory derived rough mutant of smooth B.abortus strain 2308. Calves of 4-12 months old are vaccinated with 1-3.4x1010 viable strain RB51 organisms.  Brucella Melitensis strain Rev.1 vaccine o This vaccine may be more effective in countries with a high prevalence of brucellosis in small ruminant and this vaccine should not be used in cattle because the safety of the vaccine in cattle is not studied yet. Control  All positive animals must be separated and disposed.  Vaccination of all susceptible in contact animals with either B.abortus S19 vaccine or B.abortus RB51 vaccine. B.abortus 45/20 vaccine is also used.  In endemic area pasteurization of dairy products is an important safety measure.  Good hygiene and protective clothing/equipment are very important in preventing occupational exposure.  Measures should be taken to exclude the entry of organism through skin, inhalation, ingestion while performing a necropsy, butchering and parturition or while removing fetal membranes and fluids.  The Strain 19 B. abortus vaccine and B. melitensis Rev-1 vaccine must be handled with precaution to avoid accidental injection or exposure. Brucella organism should be handled under bio-safety containment level 3 or higher.  2.5% sodium hypochlorite, 2-3% caustic soda, 20% fresh slaked lime suspension, 2% formaldehyde solution (all tested for one hour) can be sprayed for inactivating the organism in contaminated surfaces.  Moist heat of 121°C for at least 15 minutes (autoclave) is used to destroy contaminated equipments.  Dry heat for 160-170°C for at least 1 hour (Hot air oven) for inactivation of glasswares is preferable.  Boiling of liquids for 10 minutes is usually effective.  Xylene (1ml/liter) and calcium cyanamide (20 kg/m3) are used to decontaminate liquid manure in 2 to 4 weeks if its use.  Gamma irradiation (e.g. in colostrum) and pasteurization can inactivate the organism.  Screening, culling or isolation or depopulation of infected animals  Proper disposal of infected carcass or aborted fetus and placental membrane.  Stamping out policy by quarantine, vaccination, test and slaughter, depopulation, cleaning, disinfection, surveillance, trace back of animals, eradication and neutering.